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There are also laws
which enable citizens to take legal action against the state — against, for
example, a public authority or even against the government itself. These
actions are part of constitutional law.
As knowledge of the law has increased among the general public, so have
the number and range of constitutional law cases. In 1991, an unmarried
couple complain
for the local authority to register their daughter as illegitimate. They said
this could lead to discrimination and was against the equality of individuals
guaranteed in the Japanese Constitution.
A constitution is the political and ideological structure within which a
system of laws operates. Most countries have a formal written Constitution
describing how laws are to be made and enforced. The French Constitution,
for example, sets a seven year term of office for the president; the U.S.
constitution sets a four уear term. In Switzerland, a referendum (national
vote) must be held on any issue for which a petition signed by 10,000
people has been gathered; in Ireland, referenda are to be used only in the
case of changes in the constitution itself. In Germany, a change in the
constitution requires a special majority vote in parliament, not the simple
majority necessary for other laws. Many other countries put the constitution
above other laws by making it difficult to change.
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