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DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONSEarly telecommunications included smoke signals and drums. In 1792, a French engineer,
Claude Chappe built the first visual telegraphy (or semaphore) system between Lille and Paris.
However semaphore as a communication system suffered from the need for skilled operators and
expensive towers often at intervals of only ten to thirty kilometres.
The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed in England by Sir Charles
Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke. It used the deflection of needles to represent
messages and started operating over twenty-one kilometres of the Great Western Railway on 9
April 1839.
On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, Samuel Morse independently developed a
version of the electrical telegraph. The patented invention proved successful and by 1851
telegraph lines in the United States spanned over 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometres).
The first successful transatlantic telegraph cable was completed on 27 July 1866,
allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time. The international use of the telegraph
has sometimes been dubbed the «Victorian Internet».
The electric telephone was invented in the 1870s, based on earlier work with harmonic
(multi-signal) telegraphs. The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879
on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London. Alexander Graham Bell
held the master patent for the telephone that was needed for such services in both countries.
In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi established wireless communication between
Britain and Newfoundland, earning him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1909.
On March 25, 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird publicly demonstrated the
transmission of moving pictures at the London department store. After midcentury the spread of
coaxial cable and microwave radio relay allowed television networks to spread across even large
countries.
It was not until the 1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching — a
technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first
passing through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on December 5, 1969.
This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes.
In September 1981, Internet Protocol/ Transmission Control Protocol was introduced.
The TCP/IP protocol is much of the Internet relies upon today. Internet access became
widespread late in the century, using the old telephone and television networks.
In 1990, the code for what was now called the “World Wide Web” was developed, as
well as the standards for HTML, HTTP and URL. In modern times, telecommunications involves the use of electrical devices such as the
telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, the use of radio and microwave communications, fiber
optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet

1. Read and translate the text. Answer the following questions.

1. What did early telecommunications include?

2. Who built the first semaphore system?

3. What did semaphore as a communication system suffer from?

4. When was the first commercial electric telegraph constructed?

5. It used the deflection of needles to represent messages, didn't it?

6. What did Samuel Morse do on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean?

7. What happened on 27 July 1866?

8. Has the international use of the telegraph sometimes been dubbed the «Victorian Internet”?

9. What do you know about the first commercial telephone services?

10. What did Guglielmo Marconi do in December 1901?

2. Translate the following equivalents from the text and memorize them.

Smoke signals, visual telegraphy, skilled operators, to represent messages, the patented invention, transatlantic communication, to establish wireless communication, to investigate packet switching, to become widespread, orbiting satellites.

3. Multiple choice:

1. The first… was constructed in England by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke:

a) moving picture;

b) electrical telegraph;

c) lightning rod.

2. ......., Guglielmo Marconi established wireless communication between Britain and Newfoundland.

a) In December, 1901;

b) On March, 1925;

c) On April, 1839.

3. The spread of… allowed television networks to spread across large countries.

a) electrical telegraph;

b) commercial telephone services;

c) coaxial cable and microwave radio relay.
Антон
31.10.20
Учеба и наука / Английский язык
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