II. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какую функцию выполняет окончание – ‘ed’, т. е. служит ли - вопрос №3256760

оно: а) показателем стандартного глагола в Past Indefinite; б) показателем Participle II от стандартного глагола в функции опре-деления к существительному; в) частью сказуемого от стандартного глагола в Passive Voice or Per-fect Tense; г) устоявшимся прилагательным. 1. B. Franklin is acknowledged to have invented a means of protecting against the disastrous effects of lightning – the lightning rod. 2. After many difficulties he at last managed to enter the university. 3. This design was to be worked out by a highly qualified engineer. 4. The American Constitution was finally adopted in 1788. 5. The loosely organized colonies needed a single military commander to unify their forces. 6. An organization’s information management requirements are determined by some factors: two general factors are the environment and size of the organization, and two specific factors are the area and level of the organization. 7. He was a very talented mathematician. Глагол ‘TO BE’ (быть кем-то, чем-то; находиться где-то) Infinitive Past Indefinite Participle II to be was (ед.ч.) were (мн. ч.) been спряжение глагола’to be’ Лицо Форма Present Past Future I He She It We You They am is is is are are are was was was was were were were shall be will be will be will be shall be will be will be III. Перепишите и переведите сложные предложения, обращая вни-мание на многофункциональность глагола “to be”: а) словарное значение – ‘быть чем-то (кем-то)’; ‘находиться’ где-то; б) вспомогательн. гл. для образования Passive Voice и Continuous Tense; в) модальное значение долженствования; г) глагол-связка в именном составном сказуемом. 1. Because the beam (луч, пучок света) is so small, it is very important in delicate surgery and is used in eye operations. 2. Students are to be at the lecture in time. 3. Potential laser application in medicine is also being studied at the centre. 4. His task was to prepare everything for the experiment. 5. The journalist has been to his business trip in Siberia. 6. Today’s generation is the best-informed than ever. 7. To be beneficial, a cadastral system should be combined with a reliable land registration system. Глагол ’TO HAVE’ (иметь что-либо, обладать чем-либо) Infinitive Past Participle II have (got) had had IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глагола “to have”: а) словарное (смысловое) значение – ‘иметь’, ‘обладать’; б) вспомогательный глагол для образования – Perfect Tense; в) в качестве модального глагола – ‘должен’; г) выражение действия сочетанием – ‘to have’ + существительное. 1. Human societies have become increasingly dependent for their well-being on the ability to collect and analyze geographic information. 2. Public administration, for example, has to know exactly where pipes and cables are located in the ground if it wants to build new houses or renovate the sewer sys-tem. 3. They have some interesting information concerning this event. 4. I’ve just had my hair done. 5. Marriage is a matter of learning to live with one par-ticular person with whom you have chosen to blend your life. 6. He has a de-gree in information technologies (IT). Глагол ‘TO DO’ (делать что-либо, заниматься чем-либо) Infinitive Past Participle II to do did done V. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая вни-мание на многофункциональность глагола ‘to do’: а) словарное (смысловое) значение – ‘делать‘, ‘выполнять‘; б) вспомогательный глагол формы: (do, does, did) для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм в Present и Past Indefinite; в) для замены смыслового глагола во избежание повторения; г) усилительный глагол формы (do, does, did) перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола. 1. They always do their work well. 2. Love does much, money does every-thing. 3. Who saw him yesterday? Ann did. 4. I didn’t watch this film. 5. I do help you. 6. They did not have the time to do this work themselves. 7. In fact, not only does a computer store the data electronically, it can also retrieve, sort, analyze, process, and then it can store the information again for use in the fu-ture. 8. Do you do any sports? ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ Степени сравнения 1. Односложные прилагательные Положительная степень Сравнительная степень Превосходная степень This building is high. Это здание высокое. He came near. Он подошел близко. That building is higher. То здание выше. She came nearer to us. Она подошла ближе к нам. That is the highest building in the city. Это самое высокое здание в городе. They stood nearest to us. Они стояли ближе всех к нам. 2. Многосложные прилагательные Положительная степень Сравнительная степень Превосходная степень This film is interesting. Этот фильм интерес-ный. This work is important. Эта работа важная. That film is more interesting. Тот фильм более интерес-ный. That work is less important. Та работа менее важная. That is the most interesting film I’ve seen. Это самый интересный фильм, который я видел. This work is the least important. Эта работа наименее важная. 3. Прилагательные, наречия, образующие степени сравнения от разных основ Положительная степень Сравнительная степень Превосходная степень good, well хороший, хорошо bad, badly плохой, плохо many, much много little маленький, мало better лучше worse хуже more больше less меньше (the) best самый лучший, лучше всего (the) worst самый худший, хуже всего (the) most самый большой, больше всего (the) least самый маленький, наименьший, меньше всего far далекий, далеко farther, further дальше ( the) farthest, furthest самый далекий VI. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения прилагательных; подчеркните в предложениях 1. The simple ideas are always the best. 2. This method of work is the most efficient compared with all the other methods. 3. The greater the knowledge of the land, the better the possibilities will be to guide the development. 4. The next fifteen years were the happiest of G. Washington’s life. 5. A major role of computer science has been to alleviate such problems, mainly by making computer systems cheaper, faster, more reliable, and easier to use. 6. The problems that afflict the nation’s public facilities are much wider and costlier and difficult to tackle because local authorities and city boards, with some help from the national government, often have to depend on local property taxes to finance such projects. 7. The problem is even worse in industrial cities. Личные местоимения I – я we – мы you – ты, вы he – он she – она it – он, она, оно, неодуш. предм. they – они Possessive Form (притяжат. падеж). Possessive Absolute Form (абсолютная форма при-тяжат. падежа). Objective Form (объектный падеж). This is my book. This is your book. This is his book. This is her book. This is our house. This is their house. This book is mine. This book is yours. This book is his. This book is hers. This house is ours. This house is theirs. I know you. You know me. He knows her. She knows him. We know it. They know us We know them Таблица производных слов от some, any, no, every + thing + body, one + where Употребляются some некоторый, какой-то какой-ниб., несколько something что-то, что-нибудь somebody, someone кто-то, кто-нибудь somewhere где-то, куда-то, где-нибудь, куда-нибудь в утвердитель-ном предложе-нии any 1) всякий, любой 2) какой- нибудь anything 1) все, 2) что-то 3) что-нибудь anybody, anyone 1) всякий, все 2) кто-то, кто-нибудь anywhere 1) везде 2) где-нибудь, куда-нибудь 1) в утвердит. 2) в вопросит. предложении. + thing + body, one + where Употребляются no, not any никакой + не nothing (not anything) ничто/ничего + не nobody (not anybody), no one никто + не nowhere (not anywhere) нигде, никуда+ не в отрицательном предложении. VII. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая вни-мание на перевод личных, неопределённых и отрицательных ме-стоимений 1. Nobody knows anything about the origin of this strange phenomenon. 2. He had some interesting information about the achievements in his field. 3. They had no relatives in this town. 4. He needs someone who is an expert in this field. 5. Something was unusual in his behavior. 6. None of us is immune to geologic hazards. 7. Nothing was interesting at the party. VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности определений, выраженных именем существительным; подчеркните их: 1. This research centre is famous not only in our country but throughout (all over) the world. 2. Some of our university teachers do a lot of research concerning this problem. 3. He is on his business trip at the moment. 4. The city transport system is not very well organized. 5. The laboratory equipment is not of the latest generation. 6. Management skills may be acquired through education or experience. 7. Land resource management is concerned with the inventory, allocation, development, and conservation of a community’s resources. IX. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многонкциональность местоимения “it”: а) личное местоимение 3-го лица ед. ч. (он, она, оно) заменяет ранее упомянутое неодушевлённое существительное; б) указательное местоимение «это» (синоним местоимения this); в) прямое дополнение, если “it” следует за сказуемым; д) “it” – в составе усилительной конструкции, it is … that, who, which (обычно переводят «именно», «это как раз»). 1. Lack of valid data makes it difficult to predict further events. 2. I know it very well. 3. Nottingham is one of Britain’s typical middle size cities. It is very beautiful. 4. It was Adam Smith, a great Scotish scientist who made ex-traordinary (удивительный) contributions to economics. 5. It is 5 o’clock and it is very dark, because it’s winter now. 6. An important feature of such a sys-tem is that it makes updating easier. 7. Since the law made it easier to get a di-vorce, the number of divorces has increased. X. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог: 1. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-messages. 2. British geodesist, George Everest, completed the topographic survey of India, on which depended the accurate mapping of the subcontinent. 3. Computers are now an important part of everything; without them, the modern world will stop. 4. She was sitting there doing nothing. 5. The group of researchers has been analyzing the results of the experiment for a week. 6. They have set up a laboratory that designs laser systems for environmental control. 7. A lot of effort has been made to develop standards for data acquisition and processing. XI. Задание: переведите текст ’English as the world language’ уст-но, а подчеркнутые предложения – письменно; выполните грамматиче-ский анализ по заданиям, предложенным преподавателем. English as a world language. 1. English is one of the major languages in the world and geographically it is the most widespread language on Earth, with 400 million speakers. In Shakespeare’s time, for example, only a few million people spoke English, and the language was not thought to be very important by the other nations of Europe, and was unknown to the rest of the world. 2. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This export-ing of English began in the seventeenth century, with the first settlements in North America. Above all, it is the great growth of population in the United States, assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centu-ries, that has given the English language its present standing in the world. 3. People who speak English fall into one of three groups: those who have learned it as their native language; those who have learned it as a second lan-guage in a society that is mainly bilingual; and those who are forced to use it for a practical purpose, administrative, professional or educational. 4. English is the language of business, technology, sport, and aviation. English has the largest vocabulary with approximately 500,000 words and 300,000 technical terms. One person in seven of the world’s entire population belongs to one of these three groups. Incredibly enough, 75 % of the world’s mail and 60 % of the world’s telephone calls are in English. Ex. 1. Useful English. Read, translate, learn, and use the following ex-pressions in sentences of your own. the most widespread; the rest of the world; a mother tongue; in all the continents of the world; growth of the population; massive immigration; the world’s entire population.